The DAS Difficult Airway Algorithm, Explained for EDAIC

The four plans at a glance

The whole plan a b c d airway algorithm can be held in your head as one sentence: optimise the laryngoscopy, then rescue oxygenation with a supraglottic device, then fall back to face-mask oxygenation, and — if you can neither intubate nor oxygenate — perform surgical front-of-neck access.

Plan	Goal	Core intervention	Trigger to move on
A	Tracheal intubation	Optimised laryngoscopy (positioning, videolaryngoscope, bougie, external laryngeal manipulation)	Failed after a limited number of attempts
B	Maintain oxygenation	Insert a second-generation supraglottic airway device (SAD)	Failed SAD oxygenation after limited attempts
C	Maintain oxygenation	Final attempt at face-mask ventilation; then wake the patient if feasible	Cannot oxygenate by any of A/B/C
D	Rescue oxygenation	Front-of-neck access (FONA) — surgical cricothyroidotomy	This is the final step — it is the rescue

Running through every plan are the constants: call for help early, maintain oxygenation throughout, limit your attempts, and declare each transition aloud so the whole team shares the mental model.

Plan A — optimise the first-line intubation attempt

Plan A is tracheal intubation, done well. The emphasis is on getting the best possible attempt rather than repeating a poor one. That means optimal head-and-neck positioning, adequate neuromuscular blockade, the best available laryngoscope, a bougie or stylet ready, and external laryngeal manipulation when it helps.

Crucially, Plan A caps the number of attempts. The principle is a maximum of three attempts, with a fourth permitted only by a more experienced colleague. Each additional attempt risks airway trauma, bleeding and oedema — turning a difficult airway into an impossible one. The exam loves the statement that "repeated attempts cause harm"; that is true, and it is why the limit exists.

This is also where the modern shift toward videolaryngoscopy lives. Current DAS thinking encourages early — even first-line — use of a videolaryngoscope, because it improves the view and first-pass success in many difficult airways. For the EDAIC, remember the nuance: a better view does not always mean an easier tube delivery, so a bougie or hyperangulated-blade-compatible stylet still matters.

If Plan A fails after optimised attempts, you declare failed intubation and move on. You do not keep trying.

Plan B — rescue oxygenation with a supraglottic airway

The mental gear-change at Plan B is the single most important concept in the whole algorithm: the goal is no longer intubation; it is oxygenation. You insert a supraglottic airway device — ideally a second-generation device with a gastric drain port and a better seal — to re-establish oxygenation.

Limit yourself here too: a small number of attempts (a different device or size if the first fails), then stop. If the SAD restores oxygenation, you have bought time. You then stop and think: is it safe to wake the patient, to proceed via the SAD, to attempt fibreoptic intubation through the SAD, or to secure a surgical airway electively? This deliberate pause is a high-yield point — the algorithm explicitly builds in a moment to reassess rather than charge onward.

Plan C — final face-mask ventilation and the wake-up option

If the SAD fails, Plan C is a final, optimised attempt at face-mask ventilation using adjuncts: oral and nasopharyngeal airways, two-person technique, full muscle relaxation (paralysis improves mask ventilation, a common exam point), and maximal jaw thrust.

If face-mask oxygenation succeeds, the default safe course is to wake the patient and regroup — reschedule with an awake fibreoptic technique or a fully prepared difficult-airway plan. Plan C is the last chance to recover the situation non-invasively. If oxygenation cannot be achieved through Plans A, B and C, you have arrived at the emergency the whole algorithm exists to prevent.

Can't intubate, can't oxygenate: the CICO emergency

The phrase cant intubate cant oxygenate (CICO) describes the terminal pathway: tracheal intubation has failed, supraglottic rescue has failed, and face-mask ventilation has failed. Oxygen is not reaching the lungs, saturations are falling, and a hypoxic brain injury or cardiac arrest is minutes away.

The single most-tested cognitive error here is denial and delay — clinicians fixate on re-attempting intubation instead of declaring CICO and acting. The DAS answer is unambiguous: declare the emergency out loud, give 100% oxygen, ensure full neuromuscular blockade, and proceed to front-of-neck access without further delay. Saying the words "this is a can't intubate, can't oxygenate situation" is itself a recognised, recommended step because it breaks fixation and mobilises the team.

For exam recall, anchor on this triad: declare → paralyse → cut. Paralysis is included because residual tone can be the hidden reason ventilation is failing, and because it is necessary for a clean surgical airway.

Plan D — front-of-neck access (FONA)

Plan D is the rescue: surgical front-of-neck access, performed at the cricothyroid membrane. DAS favours a scalpel–bougie–tube technique as the default for the trained adult airway, because it uses familiar equipment and does not depend on narrow-bore cannulae that kink or misplace.

The classic sequence to memorise:

Laryngeal handshake to identify and stabilise the larynx and locate the cricothyroid membrane.
Scalpel — a transverse stab incision through the membrane (a vertical skin incision first if landmarks are impalpable, e.g. obese or distorted necks).
Bougie — railroad a bougie into the trachea through the incision.
Tube — advance a small cuffed tracheal tube (around 6.0 mm) over the bougie, inflate the cuff, confirm with capnography, and ventilate.

High-yield points the examiners reach for: capnography confirms placement, the technique requires a trained operator and rehearsed kit, and cannula techniques have a higher failure rate than the surgical scalpel approach in the adult CICO setting. Note also that paediatric front-of-neck access differs and is governed by separate guidance — do not blur the two.

High-yield exam pearls and common traps

These are the points that separate a confidently correct true/false answer from a guess:

Attempt limits matter. Plan A: maximum three attempts (four with a senior). Each plan has a deliberate ceiling — the algorithm is built to stop you persevering with a failing technique.
Oxygenation, not intubation, is the priority from Plan B onward. A statement that "the aim of Plan B is to intubate" is false.
Paralysis helps, both for mask ventilation in Plan C and for the surgical airway in Plan D. Reaching for sugammadex to wake a paralysed patient is not the reflex during CICO.
Declare each step aloud. Verbalising "failed intubation" and "CICO" is part of the algorithm, not just good manners.
Capnography is the universal confirmer of any successful airway, including FONA.
Videolaryngoscopy is increasingly first-line, but a good view still needs a plan for tube delivery.
Human factors fail airways, not just anatomy — fixation error, loss of situational awareness and poor team communication are repeatedly cited causes of preventable harm.

Because these distinctions hinge on reading each statement independently, they reward disciplined exam technique. If you are still refining how you handle five-part stems, our guide to answering MTF questions strategically and the reminder that there is no negative marking, so you answer every statement are worth a read before you sit the paper.

How to actually remember the algorithm

Stepwise algorithms are perfect candidates for spaced repetition: short, frequent self-testing on the order, limits and triggers beats re-reading the guideline once. Turning each decision point into a question — "What is the goal of Plan B?", "How many intubation attempts before declaring failure?" — and revisiting them on a schedule is far stickier than passive review. Our piece on the spaced-repetition memory method explains how to build that into your routine.

It also helps to use the algorithm in scenario practice rather than memorising it in isolation. Working CICO and difficult-airway stems inside a question bank forces you to apply the order under time pressure, which is exactly how it will be tested. If you are mapping out your revision, slot airway management into a structured timetable using our effective EDAIC study plan, and gauge where airway sits among the topics most worth your hours in our overview of what makes the EDAIC difficult and what to expect.

A final framing point for the oral: examiners are listening for safe, structured thinking, not encyclopaedic recall. If you can calmly say "I would call for help, optimise and limit my intubation attempts under Plan A, move to a second-generation SAD for oxygenation under Plan B, attempt final face-mask ventilation under Plan C, and if I can neither intubate nor oxygenate I would declare CICO and perform a scalpel front-of-neck access" — you have demonstrated exactly the competence the diploma certifies.

Frequently asked questions

What is the difference between Plans A, B, C and D?

Plan A is optimised tracheal intubation (limited attempts, videolaryngoscope and bougie ready). Plan B switches the goal to oxygenation using a supraglottic airway device. Plan C is a final optimised face-mask ventilation attempt, with waking the patient as the default if it succeeds. Plan D is front-of-neck access — the surgical rescue when you can neither intubate nor oxygenate.

How many intubation attempts are allowed before declaring failure?

The DAS principle is a maximum of three attempts at tracheal intubation, with a fourth permitted only by a more experienced colleague. Each repeated attempt risks trauma, bleeding and oedema, which can convert a difficult airway into an impossible one — hence the deliberate limit.

What does "can't intubate, can't oxygenate" mean and what do I do?

CICO means tracheal intubation, supraglottic rescue and face-mask ventilation have all failed, so oxygen is not reaching the lungs. The response is to declare the emergency aloud, deliver 100% oxygen, ensure full neuromuscular blockade, and perform front-of-neck access without delay — most commonly a scalpel–bougie–tube cricothyroidotomy.

Is videolaryngoscopy now the first choice for intubation?

Current DAS thinking strongly encourages early, often first-line, videolaryngoscopy because it improves the laryngeal view and first-pass success in many difficult airways. Remember the caveat for the exam: a better view does not guarantee easier tube delivery, so keep a bougie or appropriate stylet ready.

Should I quote a specific edition of the guideline in the exam?

State the principles clearly and add that you follow the current published DAS guideline and your local protocols in practice. Examiners reward safe, structured reasoning over recital of a version number, and guidelines are periodically updated — so always confirm the latest version for real-world use.

Master the airway algorithm the way you will be tested on it — by recalling the order, the limits and the triggers under pressure, not by re-reading the guideline once. Create a free AnesCORE account to start, then drill difficult-airway and CICO scenarios alongside the rest of your revision in our EDAIC question bank, where stepwise clinical algorithms like this one are exactly the kind of high-yield content you can practise to recall.